Flowcharts Syntax

Flowcharts - Basic Syntax

Flowcharts are composed of nodes (geometric shapes) and edges (arrows or lines). The Mermaid code defines how nodes and edges are made and accommodates different arrow types, multi-directional arrows, and any linking to and from subgraphs.

Warning

If you are using the word “end” in a Flowchart node, capitalize the entire word or any of the letters (e.g., “End” or “END”), or apply this workaround. Typing “end” in all lowercase letters will break the Flowchart.

A node (default)

flowchart LR
    id

Note

The id is what is displayed in the box.

Tip

Instead of flowchart one can also use graph.

A node with text

It is also possible to set text in the box that differs from the id. If this is done several times, it is the last text found for the node that will be used. Also if you define edges for the node later on, you can omit text definitions. The one previously defined will be used when rendering the box.

flowchart LR
    id1[This is the text in the box]

Unicode text

Use " to enclose the unicode text.

flowchart LR
    id["This ❤ Unicode"]

Markdown formatting

Use double quotes and backticks “` text `” to enclose the markdown text.

%%{init: {"flowchart": {"htmlLabels": false}} }%%
flowchart LR
    markdown["`This **is** _Markdown_`"]
    newLines["`Line1
    Line 2
    Line 3`"]
    markdown --> newLines

Direction

This statement declares the direction of the Flowchart.

This declares the flowchart is oriented from top to bottom (TD or TB).

flowchart TD
    Start --> Stop

This declares the flowchart is oriented from left to right (LR).

flowchart LR
    Start --> Stop

Possible FlowChart orientations are:

TB - Top to bottom
TD - Top-down/ same as top to bottom
BT - Bottom to top
RL - Right to left
LR - Left to right

Node shapes

A node with round edges

flowchart LR
    id1(This is the text in the box)

A stadium-shaped node

flowchart LR
    id1([This is the text in the box])

A node in a subroutine shape

flowchart LR
    id1[[This is the text in the box]]

A node in a cylindrical shape

flowchart LR
    id1[(Database)]

A node in the form of a circle

flowchart LR
    id1((This is the text in the circle))

A node in an asymmetric shape

flowchart LR
    id1>This is the text in the box]

Currently only the shape above is possible and not its mirror. This might change with future releases.

A node (rhombus)

flowchart LR
    id1{This is the text in the box}

A hexagon node

flowchart LR
    id1{{This is the text in the box}}

Parallelogram

flowchart TD
    id1[/This is the text in the box/]

Parallelogram alt

flowchart TD
    id1[\This is the text in the box\]

Trapezoid

flowchart TD
    A[/Christmas\]

Trapezoid alt

flowchart TD
    B[\Go shopping/]

Double circle

flowchart TD
    id1(((This is the text in the circle)))

Links between nodes

Nodes can be connected with links/edges. It is possible to have different types of links or attach a text string to a link.

A link with arrow head

flowchart LR
    A-->B

An open link

flowchart LR
    A --- B

Text on links

flowchart LR
    A-- This is the text! ---B

flowchart LR
    A---|This is the text|B

A link with arrow head and text

flowchart LR
    A-->|text|B

flowchart LR
    A-- text -->B

Dotted link

flowchart LR
   A-.->B;

Dotted link with text

flowchart LR
   A-. text .-> B

Thick link

flowchart LR
   A ==> B

Thick link with text

flowchart LR
   A == text ==> B

An invisible link

This can be a useful tool in some instances where you want to alter the default positioning of a node.

flowchart LR
    A ~~~ B

Chaining of links

It is possible declare many links in the same line as per below:

flowchart LR
   A -- text --> B -- text2 --> C

It is also possible to declare multiple nodes links in the same line as per below:

flowchart LR
   a --> b & c--> d

You can then describe dependencies in a very expressive way. Like the one-liner below:

flowchart TB
    A & B--> C & D

If you describe the same diagram using the the basic syntax, it will take four lines. A word of warning, one could go overboard with this making the flowchart harder to read in markdown form. The Swedish word lagom comes to mind. It means, not too much and not too little. This goes for expressive syntaxes as well.

flowchart TB
    A --> C
    A --> D
    B --> C
    B --> D

New arrow types

There are new types of arrows supported as per below:

flowchart LR
    A --o B
    B --x C

Multi directional arrows

There is the possibility to use multidirectional arrows.

flowchart LR
    A o--o B
    B <--> C
    C x--x D

Minimum length of a link

Each node in the flowchart is ultimately assigned to a rank in the rendered graph, i.e. to a vertical or horizontal level (depending on the flowchart orientation), based on the nodes to which it is linked. By default, links can span any number of ranks, but you can ask for any link to be longer than the others by adding extra dashes in the link definition.

In the following example, two extra dashes are added in the link from node B to node E, so that it spans two more ranks than regular links:

flowchart TD
    A[Start] --> B{Is it?}
    B -->|Yes| C[OK]
    C --> D[Rethink]
    D --> B
    B ---->|No| E[End]

Note Links may still be made longer than the requested number of ranks by the rendering engine to accommodate other requests.

When the link label is written in the middle of the link, the extra dashes must be added on the right side of the link. The following example is equivalent to the previous one:

flowchart TD
    A[Start] --> B{Is it?}
    B -- Yes --> C[OK]
    C --> D[Rethink]
    D --> B
    B -- No ----> E[End]

For dotted or thick links, the characters to add are equals signs or dots, as summed up in the following table:

Length	1	2	3
Normal	`---`	`----`	`-----`
Normal with arrow	`-->`	`--->`	`---->`
Thick	`===`	`====`	`=====`
Thick with arrow	`==>`	`===>`	`====>`
Dotted	`-.-`	`-..-`	`-...-`
Dotted with arrow	`-.->`	`-..->`	`-...->`

Special characters that break syntax

It is possible to put text within quotes in order to render more troublesome characters. As in the example below:

flowchart LR
    id1["This is the (text) in the box"]

Entity codes to escape characters

It is possible to escape characters using the syntax exemplified here.

    flowchart LR
        A["A double quote:#quot;"] -->B["A dec char:#9829;"]

Numbers given are base 10, so # can be encoded as #35;. It is also supported to use HTML character names.

Subgraphs

subgraph title
    graph definition
end

An example below:

flowchart TB
    c1-->a2
    subgraph one
    a1-->a2
    end
    subgraph two
    b1-->b2
    end
    subgraph three
    c1-->c2
    end

You can also set an explicit id for the subgraph.

flowchart TB
    c1-->a2
    subgraph ide1 [one]
    a1-->a2
    end

flowcharts

With the graphtype flowchart it is also possible to set edges to and from subgraphs as in the flowchart below.

flowchart TB
    c1-->a2
    subgraph one
    a1-->a2
    end
    subgraph two
    b1-->b2
    end
    subgraph three
    c1-->c2
    end
    one --> two
    three --> two
    two --> c2

Direction in subgraphs

With the graphtype flowcharts you can use the direction statement to set the direction which the subgraph will render like in this example.

flowchart LR
  subgraph TOP
    direction TB
    subgraph B1
        direction RL
        i1 -->f1
    end
    subgraph B2
        direction BT
        i2 -->f2
    end
  end
  A --> TOP --> B
  B1 --> B2

Markdown Strings

The “Markdown Strings” feature enhances flowcharts and mind maps by offering a more versatile string type, which supports text formatting options such as bold and italics, and automatically wraps text within labels.

%%{init: {"flowchart": {"htmlLabels": false}} }%%
flowchart LR
subgraph "One"
  a("`The **cat**
  in the hat`") -- "edge label" --> b{{"`The **dog** in the hog`"}}
end
subgraph "`**Two**`"
  c("`The **cat**
  in the hat`") -- "`Bold **edge label**`" --> d("The dog in the hog")
end

Formatting:

For bold text, use double asterisks (**) before and after the text.
For italics, use single asterisks (*) before and after the text.
With traditional strings, you needed to add <br> tags for text to wrap in nodes. However, markdown strings automatically wrap text when it becomes too long and allows you to start a new line by simply using a newline character instead of a <br> tag.

This feature is applicable to node labels, edge labels, and subgraph labels.

Interaction

It is possible to bind a click event to a node, the click can lead to either a javascript callback or to a link which will be opened in a new browser tab.

Note

This functionality is disabled when using securityLevel='strict' and enabled when using securityLevel='loose'.

click nodeId callback
click nodeId call callback()

nodeId is the id of the node
callback is the name of a javascript function defined on the page displaying the graph, the function will be called with the nodeId as parameter.

Examples of tooltip usage below:

<script>
  const callback = function () {
    alert('A callback was triggered');
  };
</script>

The tooltip text is surrounded in double quotes. The styles of the tooltip are set by the class .mermaidTooltip.

flowchart LR
    A-->B
    B-->C
    C-->D
    click A callback "Tooltip for a callback"
    click B "https://www.github.com" "This is a tooltip for a link"
    click A call callback() "Tooltip for a callback"
    click B href "https://www.github.com" "This is a tooltip for a link"

Success The tooltip functionality and the ability to link to urls are available from version 0.5.2.

?> Due to limitations with how Docsify handles JavaScript callback functions, an alternate working demo for the above code can be viewed at this jsfiddle.

Links are opened in the same browser tab/window by default. It is possible to change this by adding a link target to the click definition (_self, _blank, _parent and _top are supported):

flowchart LR
    A-->B
    B-->C
    C-->D
    D-->E
    click A "https://www.github.com" _blank
    click B "https://www.github.com" "Open this in a new tab" _blank
    click C href "https://www.github.com" _blank
    click D href "https://www.github.com" "Open this in a new tab" _blank

Beginner’s tip—a full example using interactive links in a html context:

<body>
  <pre class="mermaid">
    flowchart LR
        A-->B
        B-->C
        C-->D
        click A callback "Tooltip"
        click B "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
        click C call callback() "Tooltip"
        click D href "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
  </pre>

  <script>
    const callback = function () {
      alert('A callback was triggered');
    };
    const config = {
      startOnLoad: true,
      flowchart: { useMaxWidth: true, htmlLabels: true, curve: 'cardinal' },
      securityLevel: 'loose',
    };
    mermaid.initialize(config);
  </script>
</body>

Comments

Comments can be entered within a flow diagram, which will be ignored by the parser. Comments need to be on their own line, and must be prefaced with %% (double percent signs). Any text after the start of the comment to the next newline will be treated as a comment, including any flow syntax

flowchart LR
%% this is a comment A -- text --> B{node}
   A -- text --> B -- text2 --> C

Styling and classes

Styling links

It is possible to style links. For instance, you might want to style a link that is going backwards in the flow. As links have no ids in the same way as nodes, some other way of deciding what style the links should be attached to is required. Instead of ids, the order number of when the link was defined in the graph is used, or use default to apply to all links. In the example below the style defined in the linkStyle statement will belong to the fourth link in the graph:

linkStyle 3 stroke:#ff3,stroke-width:4px,color:red;

It is also possible to add style to multiple links in a single statement, by separating link numbers with commas:

linkStyle 1,2,7 color:blue;

Styling line curves

It is possible to style the type of curve used for lines between items, if the default method does not meet your needs. Available curve styles include basis, bumpX, bumpY, cardinal, catmullRom, linear, monotoneX, monotoneY, natural, step, stepAfter, and stepBefore.

In this example, a left-to-right graph uses the stepBefore curve style:

%%{ init: { 'flowchart': { 'curve': 'stepBefore' } } }%%
graph LR

For a full list of available curves, including an explanation of custom curves, refer to the Shapes documentation in the d3-shape project.

Styling a node

It is possible to apply specific styles such as a thicker border or a different background color to a node.

flowchart LR
    id1(Start)-->id2(Stop)
    style id1 fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px
    style id2 fill:#bbf,stroke:#f66,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff,stroke-dasharray: 5 5

Classes

More convenient than defining the style every time is to define a class of styles and attach this class to the nodes that should have a different look.

A class definition looks like the example below:

    classDef className fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;

Also, it is possible to define style to multiple classes in one statement:

    classDef firstClassName,secondClassName font-size:12pt;

Attachment of a class to a node is done as per below:

    class nodeId1 className;

It is also possible to attach a class to a list of nodes in one statement:

    class nodeId1,nodeId2 className;

A shorter form of adding a class is to attach the classname to the node using the :::operator as per below:

flowchart LR
    A:::someclass --> B
    classDef someclass fill:#f96

Css classes

It is also possible to predefine classes in css styles that can be applied from the graph definition as in the example below:

Example style

<style>
  .cssClass > rect {
    fill: #ff0000;
    stroke: #ffff00;
    stroke-width: 4px;
  }
</style>

Example definition

flowchart LR
    A-->B[AAA<span>BBB</span>]
    B-->D
    class A cssClass

Default class

If a class is named default it will be assigned to all classes without specific class definitions.

    classDef default fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;

Basic support for fontawesome

It is possible to add icons from fontawesome.

The icons are accessed via the syntax fa:#icon class name#.

flowchart TD
    B["fab:fa-twitter for peace"]
    B-->C[fa:fa-ban forbidden]
    B-->D(fa:fa-spinner)
    B-->E(A fa:fa-camera-retro perhaps?)

Mermaid is compatible with Font Awesome up to verion 5, Free icons only. Check that the icons you use are from the supported set of icons.

Graph declarations with spaces between vertices and link and without semicolon

In graph declarations, the statements also can now end without a semicolon. After release 0.2.16, ending a graph statement with semicolon is just optional. So the below graph declaration is also valid along with the old declarations of the graph.
A single space is allowed between vertices and the link. However there should not be any space between a vertex and its text and a link and its text. The old syntax of graph declaration will also work and hence this new feature is optional and is introduced to improve readability.

Below is the new declaration of the graph edges which is also valid along with the old declaration of the graph edges.

flowchart LR
    A[Hard edge] -->|Link text| B(Round edge)
    B --> C{Decision}
    C -->|One| D[Result one]
    C -->|Two| E[Result two]

Configuration

Renderer

The layout of the diagram is done with the renderer. The default renderer is dagre.

Starting with Mermaid version 9.4, you can use an alternate renderer named elk. The elk renderer is better for larger and/or more complex diagrams.

The elk renderer is an experimenal feature. You can change the renderer to elk by adding this directive:

%%{init: {"flowchart": {"defaultRenderer": "elk"}} }%%

Note

Note that the site needs to use mermaid version 9.4+ for this to work and have this featured enabled in the lazy-loading configuration.

Width

It is possible to adjust the width of the rendered flowchart.

This is done by defining mermaid.flowchartConfig or by the CLI to use a JSON file with the configuration. How to use the CLI is described in the mermaidCLI page. mermaid.flowchartConfig can be set to a JSON string with config parameters or the corresponding object.

mermaid.flowchartConfig = {
    width: 100%
}